Edible plasticizers for food and food packaging films

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are plasticizers, salts thereof, chelates thereof and cleavage derivatives thereof, that exhibit a superior combination of properties. The plasticizers can be used for a variety of purposes, including food preparation, cosmetics, beverages and polymeric matrices. The plasticizers can be prepared by esterifying gallic acid, fulvic acid, or tannic acid.

BACKGROUND

Various types of antioxidant additives are used to protect food from oxidation. Soluble vitamin C (ascorbic acid and its salts) is employed to protect some fruits and meat. Ascorbyl stearate and ascorbyl palmitate as oil-soluble or fat-soluble antioxidants are sometimes employed with other foods. Currently used antioxidants include BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene), TBHQ (t-butyl hydroquinone), BHA (butylated hydroxy anisole), gallic acid, and gallic esters.

Some natural antioxidants, such as vitamins, minerals, and enzymes are also regarded as nutrients due to their bioactivity. Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) and tocopherols (a class of compounds with Vitamin E activity) are the most important commercial natural antioxidants but they can be expensive and unstable in processing and storage at high temperatures.

Consumer interest in and awareness of the health properties of food plasticizers has also been increasing in recent years. This has simultaneously increased global sales of food plasticizers and foods that are recognized as being naturally rich in antioxidants. As the sector develops, food plasticizers are now being used in the manufacture of a greater variety of foods.

SUMMARY

Disclosed are plasticizing compositions including at least one compound of formula I, formula II, or formula III, a salt thereof, chelate thereof, or combination thereof, wherein R^(1A), R^(1B), and R^(1C) are independently selected from hydrogen, —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, or —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl; R² is hydrogen, —(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, —(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl, -mannitosyl, -sorbitolyl, or -sucrosyl; wherein at least one of R^(1A), R^(1B), R^(1C), and R² are not hydrogen; each R³ is independently selected from hydrogen, —(C₂-C₁₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₆)alkenyl, -mannitosyl, -sorbitolyl, or -sucrosyl; wherein at least one of R³ is not hydrogen; and each R⁴ is independently selected from hydrogen, —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₄)alkyl, —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₄)alkenyl, each R⁴ may be the same or different; wherein at least one of R⁴ is not hydrogen.

Also disclosed are methods of preparing a plasticizing compound, the methods including esterifying at least one of gallic acid, fulvic acid, and tannic acid groups to form at least one plasticizing compound of formula I, formula II, or formula III, a salt thereof, a chelate thereof, or combination thereof, wherein at least one of R^(1A), R^(1B), R^(1C), and R² are not hydrogen; each R³ is independently selected from hydrogen, —(C₂-C₁₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₆)alkenyl, -mannitosyl, -sorbitolyl, or -sucrosyl; wherein at least one of R³ is not hydrogen; and each R⁴ is independently selected from hydrogen, —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, and —(C═O—(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl, each R⁴ may be the same or different; wherein at least one of R⁴ is not hydrogen.

Further disclosed are treated food products including at least one plasticizing compound of formula I, formula II, or formula III, or a salt thereof, or chelate thereof, wherein R^(1A), R^(1B), and R^(1C) are independently selected from hydrogen, —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, and —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl; R² is hydrogen, —(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, —(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl, -mannitosyl, -sorbitolyl, or -sucrosyl; wherein at least one of R^(1A), R^(1B), R^(1C), and R² are not hydrogen; each R³ is independently selected from hydrogen, —(C₂-C₁₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₆)alkenyl, -mannitosyl, -sorbitolyl, and -sucrosyl; wherein at least one of R³ is not hydrogen; and each R⁴ is independently selected from hydrogen, —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, and —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl, wherein at least one of R⁴ on each ring B, C, D, E, and F is not hydrogen; in a food product.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The above summary of the present technology is not intended to describe each illustrated embodiment or every possible implementation of the present technology. The detailed description, which follows, particularly exemplifies these embodiments.

Before the present compositions and methods are described, it is to be understood that they are not limited to the particular compositions, methodologies or protocols described, as these may vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used in the description is for the purpose of describing the particular versions or embodiments only, and is not intended to limit their scope which will be limited only by the appended claims.

Compounds based on ester derivatives of gallic acid, fulvic acid, and tannic acid, their salts and chelates are described herein. The compounds may have antioxidant properties. The compounds, their salts, and their chelates can be useful for stabilizing foods, cosmetics, beverages and nutritional supplements. The compounds can be prepared from the three acids by esterification under controlled conditions. In certain embodiments the antioxidation efficiency of such sustainable natural derivatives is due to their chemical structure which contains functional groups that are known as antioxidants and free radical scavenger active groups.

Gallic acid has three phenolic sites (R^(1A), R^(1B), R^(1C)) and a carboxylic acid site (R²) for possible esterification or formation of metal chelates. When R^(1A), R^(1B), R^(1C), and R² are each H in the chemical structure (I), the compound is gallic acid. In an embodiment, structure (I) provides ester derivatives of gallic acid, wherein R^(1A), R^(1B), and R^(1C) are independently selected from hydrogen, —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, or —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl, R² is hydrogen, —(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, —(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl, -mannitosyl, -sorbitolyl, or -sucrosyl, and wherein at least one of R^(1A), R^(1B), R^(1C), and R² are not hydrogen. In some embodiments, all of R^(1A), R^(1B), R^(1C), and R² are not hydrogen. In each of the various embodiments, alkyl or alkenyl may be substituted with a sugar, for example mannitosyl, sorbitolyl, or sucrosyl, or with an amino acid.

Fulvic acid has six carboxylic acid sites (R³) for possible esterification or formation of metal chelates. When each of R³ is H, the chemical structure (II) is fulvic acid. In an embodiment, structure (II) provides an ester derivative of fulvic acid, wherein each R³ is independently selected from hydrogen, —(C₂-C₁₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₆)alkenyl, -mannitosyl, -sorbitolyl, or -sucrosyl, and wherein at least one R³ is not hydrogen. In some embodiments, all R³ in chemical structure (II) are not hydrogen. In each of the various embodiments, alkyl or alkenyl may be substituted with a sugar, for example mannitosyl, sorbitolyl, or sucrosyl, or with an amino acid.

Tannins are weak acids having fifteen phenolic sites for possible esterification or formation of metal chelates. When each R⁴ is H, the chemical structure (III) is an exemplary tannin. In an embodiment, structure III provides an ester derivative of a tannin, wherein each R⁴ is independently selected from hydrogen, —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl, each R⁴ may be the same or different, and wherein at least one of R⁴ is not hydrogen. In some embodiments, all of R⁴ in chemical structure (III) are not hydrogen. In each of the various embodiments, alkyl or alkenyl may be substituted with a sugar, for example mannitosyl, sorbitolyl, or sucrosyl, or with an amino acid.

The ester derivatives of the structures I-III have various uses including use as a plasticizer, such as for example food plasticizers. These plasticizers can be, for example, a viscous liquid, a solution, or chelated with transition (nutrient) metals. Any free carboxylic acid group or phenolic group of the described embodiments can be transformed into carboxylate salts or phenylates of Na, K, Ca, Zn, Mg, and can form chelates with divalent and trivalent metal ions.

The plasticizers of various embodiments do not require purification steps, such as ultrafiltration or desalination, nor fractionation into fractions with distinct molecular weights and high purity. However, such steps may be employed advantageously.

The ester derivatives of the structures I-III may provide a stabilizing effect at various doses in foods. The antioxidant property of the crude extract of the ester derivatives described herein may allow its usage at a low concentration, hence, avoiding any undesired color or flavor effect that might arise from the use of the ester derivatives of the structures I-III as a food plasticizer.

A plasticizing composition may include at least one compound of formula I, formula II, or formula III, a salt thereof, chelate thereof, or combination thereof, wherein R^(1A), R^(1B), and R^(1C) are independently selected from hydrogen, —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, or —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl; R² is hydrogen, —(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, —(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl, -mannitosyl, -sorbitolyl, or -sucrosyl; wherein at least one of R^(1A), R^(1B), R^(1C), and R² are not hydrogen; each R³ is independently selected from hydrogen, —(C₂-C₁₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₆)alkenyl, -mannitosyl, -sorbitolyl, or -sucrosyl, and wherein at least one R³ is not hydrogen; and each R⁴ is independently selected from hydrogen, —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl, each R⁴ may be the same or different; wherein at least one R⁴ is not hydrogen. In some embodiments, all R⁴ are not hydrogen. In each of the various embodiments, alkyl or alkenyl may be substituted with a sugar, for example mannitosyl, sorbitolyl, or sucrosyl, or with an amino acid.

In one embodiment, a composition may include at least one compound of formula I, a salt thereof, or chelate thereof, wherein R^(1A), R^(1B), and R^(1C) are independently selected from hydrogen, —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, or —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl; R² is hydrogen, —(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, —(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl, -mannitosyl, -sorbitolyl, or -sucrosyl; wherein at least one of R^(1A), R^(1B), R^(1C), and R² are not hydrogen. In another embodiment, a composition may include at least one compound of formula I, wherein R^(1A), R^(1B), and R^(1C) are independently selected from hydrogen, —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, or —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl; having R² is —(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, or —(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl; and wherein at least one of R^(1A), R^(1B), and R^(1C) is not hydrogen. In still another embodiment, a composition may include at least one compound of formula I, wherein R^(1A), R^(1B), and R^(1C) are independently selected from hydrogen, —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, or —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl, R² is -mannitosyl, -sorbitolyl, or -sucrosyl; and wherein at least one of R^(1A), R^(1B), and R^(1C) is not hydrogen. In yet another embodiment, a composition may include at least one compound of formula I, wherein R^(1A), R^(1B), and R^(1C) are independently selected from hydrogen, —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, or —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl, wherein R² is selected from:

and wherein at least one of R^(1A), R^(1B), and R^(1C) is not hydrogen. In some embodiments, all of R^(1A), R^(1B), and R^(1C) are not hydrogen. In each of the various embodiments, alkyl or alkenyl may be substituted with an amino acid or a sugar such as, for example, mannitosyl, sorbitolyl, or sucrosyl.

In still another embodiment, a composition may include at least one compound of formula I, wherein R^(1A), R^(1B), and R^(1C) are independently selected from hydrogen, —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, or —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl, wherein R² is selected from

and wherein at least one of R^(1A), R^(1B), and R^(1C) is not hydrogen. In another embodiment, R^(1A), R^(1B), and R^(1C) are independently selected from —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, and —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl, R² is hydrogen, —(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, —(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl, -mannitosyl, -sorbitolyl, or -sucrosyl; wherein at least one of R^(1A), R^(1B), R^(1C), and R² are not hydrogen. In some embodiments, all of R^(1A), R^(1B), R^(1C), and R² are not hydrogen. In each of the various embodiments, alkyl or alkenyl may be substituted with an amino acid or a sugar such as, for example, mannitosyl, sorbitolyl, or sucrosyl. In an embodiment, the compositions disclosed herein may include at least one compound of formula I wherein the compound is a salt thereof, or chelate thereof. In an embodiment, the compositions disclosed herein may include at least one compound of formula I wherein the compound is a sodium salt, ammonium salt, potassium salt, calcium salt, magnesium salt, manganese salt, zinc salt, iron salt, or a combination thereof. In an embodiment, the compositions disclosed herein may include at least one compound of formula I wherein the compound is a transition metal ion chelate of iron.

In one embodiment, a composition includes at least one compound of formula II, a salt thereof, or chelate thereof, wherein each R³ is independently selected from hydrogen, —(C₂-C₁₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₆)alkenyl, -mannitosyl, -sorbitolyl, or -sucrosyl; wherein at least one of R³ is not hydrogen. In another embodiment, a composition include at least one compound of formula II, wherein each R³ is independently selected from hydrogen,

wherein at least one R³ is not hydrogen.

In still another embodiment, a composition includes at least one compound of formula II, each R³ is independently selected from hydrogen,

and wherein at least one R³ is not hydrogen. In yet another embodiment, a composition includes at least one compound of formula II, each R³ is independently selected from hydrogen, —(C₂-C₁₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₆)alkenyl; and wherein at least one R³ is not hydrogen. In another embodiment, each R³ is independently selected from —(C₂-C₁₆)alkyl, and —(C₂-C₁₆)alkenyl. In another embodiment, at least two of R³ are not hydrogen. In still another embodiment, at least three of R³ are not hydrogen. In yet another embodiment, at least four of R³ are not hydrogen. In some embodiments, all R³ in chemical structure (II) are not hydrogen. In each of the various embodiments, alkyl or alkenyl may be substituted with an amino acid or a sugar such as, for example, mannitosyl, sorbitolyl, or sucrosyl.

In one embodiment, the compositions disclosed herein may include at least one compound of formula II wherein the compound is a sodium salt, ammonium salt, potassium salt, calcium salt, magnesium salt, manganese salt, zinc salt, iron salt, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the compositions disclosed herein may include at least one compound of formula II wherein the compound is a transition metal ion chelate of iron.

In one embodiment, a composition includes at least one compound of formula III, a salt thereof, or chelate thereof, wherein each R⁴ is independently selected from hydrogen, —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl, wherein at least one R⁴ is not hydrogen. Another embodiment provides a composition including at least one compound of formula III, wherein at least one R⁴ on each ring B, C, D, E and F is not hydrogen. Still another embodiment provides a composition including at least one compound of formula III, wherein at least five R⁴ are not hydrogen. Yet another embodiment provides a composition, including at least one compound of formula III, wherein at least ten R⁴ are not hydrogen. In the various embodiments, the compound of formula III may be unsymmetrically substituted.

In one embodiment, the compositions disclosed herein may include at least one compound of formula III wherein the compound is a sodium salt, ammonium salt, potassium salt, calcium salt, magnesium salt, manganese salt, zinc salt, iron salt, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the compositions disclosed herein may include at least one compound of formula III wherein the compound is a transition metal ion chelate of iron.

A method of preparing a plasticizing compound as described above includes esterifying at least one of gallic acid, fulvic acid, and tannic acid to form at least one plasticizing compound, respectively of formula I, formula II, or formula III, a salt thereof, a chelate thereof, or a combination thereof, wherein at least one of R^(1A), R^(1B), R^(1C), and R² are not hydrogen; each R³ is independently selected from hydrogen, —(C₂-C₁₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₆)alkenyl, -mannitosyl, -sorbitolyl, or -sucrosyl; wherein at least one of R³ is not hydrogen; and each R⁴ is independently selected from hydrogen, —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, and —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl, each R⁴ may be the same or different, wherein at least one of R⁴ is not hydrogen.

In an embodiment, the method includes esterifying gallic acid to form at least one plasticizing compound of formula I, wherein R^(1A), R^(1B), and R^(1C) are independently selected from hydrogen, —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, and —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl; R² is hydrogen, —(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, —(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl, -mannitosyl, -sorbitolyl, or -sucrosyl, and wherein at least one of R^(1A), R^(1B), R^(1C), and R² are not hydrogen.

Another embodiment includes esterifying gallic acid to form at least one plasticizing compound of formula I, wherein R^(1A), R^(1B), and R^(1C) are independently selected from hydrogen, —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, or —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl; having R² is —(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, or —(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl; and wherein at least one of R^(1A), R^(1B), and R^(1C) is not hydrogen. In still another embodiment, the method includes esterifying gallic acid to form at least one compound of formula I, wherein R^(1A), R^(1B), and R^(1C) are independently selected from hydrogen, —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, or —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl, R² is -mannitosyl, -sorbitolyl, or -sucrosyl; and wherein at least one of R^(1A), R^(1B), and R^(1C) is not hydrogen. In yet another embodiment, the method includes esterifying gallic acid to form at least one compound of formula I, wherein R^(1A), R^(1B), and R^(1C) are independently selected from hydrogen, —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, or —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl, R² is selected from:

and wherein at least one of R^(1A), R^(1B), and R^(1C) is not hydrogen.

In still another embodiment, the method includes esterifying gallic acid to form at least one compound of formula I, wherein R^(1A), R^(1B), and R^(1C) are independently selected from hydrogen, —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, or —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl, R² is selected from

and wherein at least one of R^(1A), R^(1B), and R^(1C) is not hydrogen. In another embodiment, R^(1A), R^(1B) and R^(1C) are independently selected from —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, and —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl, R² is hydrogen, —(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, —(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl, -mannitosyl, -sorbitolyl, or -sucrosyl. In another embodiment, R^(1A), R^(1B), and R^(1C) are independently selected from —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, and —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl, R² is —(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, —(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl, -mannitosyl, -sorbitolyl, or -sucrosyl methods.

In an embodiment, the method may include esterifying gallic acid to form at least one compound of formula I wherein the compound is a salt thereof, or chelate thereof. In an embodiment, the method may include esterifying gallic acid to form at least one compound of formula I wherein the compound is a sodium salt, ammonium salt, potassium salt, calcium salt, magnesium salt, manganese salt, zinc salt, iron salt, or a combination thereof. In an embodiment, the method may include esterifying gallic acid to form at least one compound of formula I wherein the compound is a transition metal ion chelate.

In an embodiment, the method includes esterifying fulvic acid to form at least one plasticizing compound of formula II, a salt thereof, or chelate thereof; wherein each R³ is independently selected from hydrogen, —(C₂-C₁₆)alkyl —(C₂-C₁₆)alkenyl, -mannitosyl, -sorbitolyl, and -sucrosyl; wherein at least one of R³ is not hydrogen.

In one embodiment, the method includes esterifying fulvic acid to form at least one compound of formula II, a salt thereof, or chelate thereof, wherein each R³ is independently selected from hydrogen, —(C₂-C₁₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₆)alkenyl, -mannitosyl, -sorbitolyl, or -sucrosyl; wherein at least one R³ is not hydrogen. In another embodiment, the method includes esterifying fulvic acid to form at least one compound of formula II, wherein each R³ is independently selected from hydrogen,

wherein at least one R³ is not hydrogen.

In still another embodiment, the method includes esterifying fulvic acid to form at least one compound of formula II, wherein each R³ is independently selected from hydrogen,

and wherein at least one R³ is not hydrogen. In yet another embodiment, the method includes esterifying fulvic acid to form at least one compound of formula II, wherein each R³ is independently selected from hydrogen, —(C₂-C₁₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₆)alkenyl; and wherein at least one R³ is not hydrogen. In another embodiment, each R³ is independently selected from —(C₂-C₁₆)alkyl, and —(C₂-C₁₆)alkenyl. In another embodiment, at least two R³ are not hydrogen. In still another embodiment, at least three R³ are not hydrogen. In yet another embodiment, at least four of R³ are not hydrogen. In still another embodiment, none of R³ are hydrogen. In each of the various embodiments, alkyl or alkenyl may be substituted with a sugar, for example mannitosyl, sorbitolyl, or sucrosyl, or with an amino acid.

In one embodiment, the methods may include esterifying fulvic acid to form at least one compound of formula II wherein the compound is a sodium salt, ammonium salt, potassium salt, calcium salt, magnesium salt, manganese salt, zinc salt, iron salt, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the methods may include esterifying fulvic acid to form at least one compound of formula II wherein the compound is a transition metal ion chelate of iron.

In one embodiment, the method includes esterifying tannic acid to form at least one compound of formula III, a salt thereof, or chelate thereof, and wherein each R⁴ is independently selected from hydrogen, —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, and —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl, wherein at least one R⁴ is not hydrogen. In another embodiment, the method includes esterifying tannic acid to form at least one compound of formula III, wherein at least one R⁴ on each ring B, C, D, E and F are not hydrogen. In still another embodiment, the method includes esterifying tannic acid to form at least one compound of formula III, wherein at least five R⁴ are not hydrogen. In yet another embodiment, the method includes esterifying tannic acid to form at least one compound of formula III, wherein at least ten R⁴ are not hydrogen. In still another embodiment, none of the R⁴ are hydrogen. In each of the various embodiments, alkyl or alkenyl may be substituted with a sugar, for example mannitosyl, sorbitolyl, or sucrosyl, or with an amino acid.

In one embodiment, the methods may include esterifying tannic acid to form at least one compound of formula III wherein the compound is a sodium salt, ammonium salt, potassium salt, calcium salt, magnesium salt, manganese salt, zinc salt, iron salt, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the methods may include esterifying tannic acid to form at least one compound of formula III wherein the compound is a transition metal ion chelate.

Disclosed is a treated food product including at least one plasticizing compound of formula I, formula II, or formula III, or a salt thereof, or chelate thereof, wherein R^(1A), R^(1B), and R^(1C) are independently selected from hydrogen, —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, and —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl; R² is hydrogen, —(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, —(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl, -mannitosyl, -sorbitolyl, or -sucrosyl; wherein at least one of R^(1A), R^(1B), R^(1C), and R² are not hydrogen; each R³ is independently selected from hydrogen, —(C₂-C₁₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₆)alkenyl, -mannitosyl, -sorbitolyl, and -sucrosyl; wherein at least one of R³ is not hydrogen; and each R⁴ is independently selected from hydrogen, —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₄)alkyl, and —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₄)alkenyl, wherein at least one R⁴ on each ring B, C, D, E, and F is not hydrogen; in a food product. In still another embodiment, none of the R^(1A), R^(1B), R^(1C), R², R³, or R⁴ groups of the compounds are hydrogen. In each of the various embodiments, alkyl or alkenyl may be substituted with a sugar, for example mannitosyl, sorbitolyl, or sucrosyl, or with an amino acid.

In one embodiment, the food product includes a dairy product, fat, oil, fat emulsion, edible ice, fruit, vegetable, fungi, seaweed, nuts, seeds, confectionery, cereal, cereal product derived from cereal grains, bakery ware, meat, meat byproduct, fish, fish product, egg product, sugar, artificial sweetener, spices, condiment, soup, sauce, salad, protein mix, non-dairy beverage, savory snack, or combinations thereof. In another embodiment, the food product includes a vegetable oil, animal fat, processed cheeses, chewing gum base, processed meat products, dried meats, sausages, beef patties, meatballs, frozen seafood, pizza toppings, protein, yeast, bakery products, dry cereals, spices, dehydrated potatoes, potato chips, beverage mixes, nonalcoholic beverages, mixed nuts, fruit, vegetables, butter, margarine, dairy products, breakfast bar, baby food, pasta, pet food, fish food, or combinations thereof.

In another embodiment, the plasticizing compound includes at least two compounds of formula I, formula II, formula III, a salt thereof, or chelate thereof, wherein R^(1A), R^(1B), and R^(1C) are independently selected from hydrogen, —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, and —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl; R² is hydrogen, —(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, —(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl, -mannitosyl, -sorbitolyl, or -sucrosyl; wherein at least two of R^(1A), R^(1B), R^(1C), and R² are not hydrogen; each R³ is independently selected from hydrogen, —(C₂-C₁₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₆)alkenyl, -mannitosyl, -sorbitolyl, and -sucrosyl; wherein at least one of R³ is not hydrogen; and each R⁴ is independently selected from hydrogen, —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, and —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl, wherein at least one of R⁴ on each ring B, C, D, E, and F is not hydrogen. In yet another embodiment, the plasticizing compound is a compound of formula I, formula II, formula III, a salt thereof, or chelate thereof. In still another embodiment, none of the R^(1A), R^(1B), R^(1C), R², R³, or R⁴ groups of the compounds are hydrogen. In each of the various embodiments, alkyl or alkenyl may be substituted with a sugar, for example mannitosyl, sorbitolyl, or sucrosyl, or with an amino acid.

A method of preparing a treated food product includes adding at least one plasticizing compound of formula I, formula II, formula III, a salt thereof, or chelate thereof, wherein R^(1A), R^(1B), and R^(1C) are independently selected from hydrogen, —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, and —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl, R² is hydrogen, —(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, —(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl, -mannitosyl, -sorbitolyl, or -sucrosyl, wherein at least two of R^(1A), R^(1B), R^(1C), and R² are not hydrogen; each R³ is independently selected from hydrogen, —(C₂-C₁₆)alkyl, (C₂-C₁₆)alkenyl, -mannitosyl, -sorbitolyl, and -sucrosyl; wherein at least one of R³ is not hydrogen; and each R⁴ is independently selected from hydrogen, —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, and —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl, each R⁴ may be the same or different; wherein at least one R⁴ on each ring B, C, D, E, and F is not hydrogen; to a food product. In still another embodiment, none of the R^(1A), R^(1B), R^(1C), R², R³, or R⁴ groups of the compounds are hydrogen. In each of the various embodiments, alkyl or alkenyl may be substituted with a sugar, for example mannitosyl, sorbitolyl, or sucrosyl, or with an amino acid. In some embodiments, the plasticizing compound has formula I, formula II, formula III, a salt thereof, or a chelate thereof.

In an embodiment, the plasticizing compound extends the shelf-life of the food product. In another embodiment, the treated food product is stable at temperatures up to about 300° C. In still yet another embodiment, the plasticizing compound includes at least one compound of formula I, formula II, formula III, a salt thereof, or chelate thereof.

In various embodiments, the plasticizer compound is present in the food product at a concentration of about 0.05% to about 5% by weight (w/w). In an embodiment, the plasticizing compound is present in the food product at a concentration of about 0.1% to about 0.2% by weight (w/w). In an embodiment, the plasticizer compound is present in the food product at a concentration, by weight, of about 5%, about 2.5%, about 1%, about 0.5%, about 0.1%, about 0.05% or any range between two of the concentrations.

The plasticizer compounds described herein have various uses including as plasticizers for several edible polymeric systems and food packaging materials such as gelatin, polysaccharides, starch, cellulosic derivatives polyvinyl acetate, cellulose acetate and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). These disclosed compositions can be used as a viscous liquids, a solution, or chelation with transition (nutrient) metals. In one embodiment, a polymeric matrix includes at least one plasticizing compound of formula I, II, or III, a salt thereof, or chelate thereof, in combination with an edible polymer such as gelatin, polysaccharides, starch, cellulosic derivatives, or combination thereof. In yet other embodiments, the polymeric matrix may be suitable for various packaging materials such as polyvinyl acetate, cellulose acetate, and polyvinyl chloride to improve their properties and to extend a shelf life of a product. In certain embodiments, the polymeric matrix is a food packaging, pharmaceutical packaging or personal care packaging that are compatible with these natural based plasticizers.

In various specific embodiments, the plasticizer compound is present in a polymeric matrix used in packaging at a concentration of less than about 20% by weight (w/w), less than about 10% by weight (w/w), less than about 5% by weight (w/w), less than about 2% by weight (w/w), less than about 1% by weight (w/w), or less than about 0.5% by weight (w/w), or in any combination between them.

In an embodiment, the compositions disclosed herein may be incorporated into personal care products such as cosmetics. In an embodiment, the cosmetics may include a lip balm, lip gloss, lipstick, lip stains, lip tint, blush, bronzers, highlighters, concealers, neutralizers, foundations, foundation primer, glimmers, shimmers, powders, eye shadow, eye color, eye liner, mascara, nail polish, nail treatments-strengtheners, make-up, body creams, moisturizers, suntan preparations, sunless tan formulations, body butter, body scrubs, make-up remover, shampoos, conditioners, dandruff control formulations, anti-frizz formulations, straightening formulations, volumizing formulations, styling aids, hairsprays, hair gels, hair colors and tinting formulations, anti-aging creams, body gels, essential oils, creams, cleansers, soap, or combinations thereof.

EXAMPLES

Although the present technology has been described in considerable detail with reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, other versions are possible. Therefore the spirit and scope of the appended claims should not be limited to the description and the preferred versions contained within this specification. Various aspects of the present technology will be illustrated with reference to the following non-limiting examples.

Example 1 Preparation of Gallic Acid Tridecanoate

Decanoic acid (133.5 grams, 0.75 moles), gallic acid (43 grams, 0.25 moles) and anhydrous phosphoric acid (5 grams) are charged to a four-necked, 500-mL round-bottom flask fitted with a nitrogen sparge leg, thermometer, magnetic stirrer, and a rectifying column. The flask is heated at about 80° C. to melt the caproic acid. The gallic acid is suspended in the melt under a subtle nitrogen sparge with constant agitation. Water from the reaction is liberated throughout the reaction and is removed via the rectifying column continuously. The reaction is terminated after 16 hours by stopping the heat input and cooling. The unreacted acid is extracted with 10% sodium carbonate. The viscous gallic ester is washed with water and dried under vacuum, and analyzed. The yield of the gallic ester derivatives is 75% based on gallic acid reactive material.

Example 2 Preparation of Decyl Fulvate Plasticizer

The set-up of example 1 is used. The reaction vessel is charged with decanol (1 mol, 158 grams). Solid fulvic acid (Formula II, R³═H, 63.8 grams) is added (0.1 mol) and then 3 grams of hydrochloric acid. The mixture is heated to 80° C. After completion of the reaction. The product is poured into 250 grams of boiling water with mixing. The unreacted decanol is soluble in boiled water. The oily layer is separated from the aqueous layer and then dried under vacuum. The unreacted decanol can be separated from water and re-used.

Example 3 Preparation of Penta-Nonoyl Ester of Tannic Acid

The set-up of example 1 is used. The reaction vessel is charged with nonanoic acid (267 grams, 1.5 moles), tannic acid (141 grams, 0.15 moles) and ortho-phosphorous acid (anhydrous) (5 grams). The flask is fitted with a nitrogen sparge leg, thermometer, magnetic stirrer, and a rectifying column. The flask is heated at about 80° C. under a nitrogen sparge with constant agitation. As the reaction proceeds the tannic acid is transformed gradually to its ester derivative. Water from the reaction is liberated throughout the reaction and is removed via the rectifying column continuously. The reaction is terminated after 16 hours by stopping the heat input and then cooling.

The unreacted nonanoic acid is extracted with 10% sodium carbonate. The viscous semisolid tannic ester is washed with water and dried under vacuum, and then analyzed. The yield of the gallic ester derivatives is 85% based on tannic acid reactive material.

Example 4 Gallic Acid Derivatives as Plasticizers for Chewing Gum

Warm beeswax (28 grams) is mixed with warm chicle (170 grams) and 4.5 grams of the food plasticizer of Example 1 to make a gum base. To the warmed gum base is mixed powdered sugar (5 grams). The gum base/powdered sugar mixture is spread into the desired shape, dusted with powdered sugar, and cooled to form chewing gum. The chewing gum has an enhanced nutritional value due to the antioxidant properties of the food plasticizer.

Example 5 Fulvic Acid Derivatives as Plasticizers for Snack Bars

A snack bar is prepared by mixing 1 Kg chopped peanuts, 1 Kg chopped cashews, 500 grams raisins, 500 grams chocolate bits, 250 grams flaked coconut, and 100 grams of the food plasticizer of Example 2, and then pressing into the desired shape. The snack bars have an enhanced nutritional value due to the antioxidant properties of the food plasticizer.

Example 6 Plasticization of Cosmetic

Stearic acid (2.7 wt %), palmitic acid (2.7 wt %), 1-hexadecanol (5.4 wt %), 1-octadecanol (2.7 wt %), sorbitan monostearate (3.1 wt %), triton X-100 (18 wt %), carbomer (0.5 wt %) and the food plasticizer of Example 3 (5 wt %) are heated at 70° C. with constant stirring for an hour. Distilled water (60 wt %), is then poured into the organic phase of the mixture and homogenized for 15 minutes at the same temperature. The stabilized cosmetics have greater stability, better rheological properties with less discoloration compared to the non-plasticized cosmetics.

Example 7 Plasticization of Polyvinyl Acetate for Food Packaging

Polyvinyl acetate containing 5% by weight of the plasticizer of Example 1 is extruded to form films for food packaging. The films are subjected to natural sun light and with high UV light for 4 weeks. The resultant films are tested by IR and UV spectrometry. The films show no color change and no spectral changes while polyvinyl acetate without the plasticizer as controls show poor film forming properties.

Example 8 Plasticization and Stabilization of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) for Food Packaging

Polyvinylchloride (K value=70) is stabilized with 5% by weight of the plasticizer of Example 2 in the form of a metal chelate and 5% plasticizer in the form of ester is compounded by rheometer, then extruded to form films for food packaging. The film shows good mechanical properties. The films are subjected to natural sunlight and with high UV light for 4 weeks. The plasticized and stabilized films shows no color change while control films of commercial polyvinyl chloride samples without stabilizers show change in coloration to a dark yellowish color with brittle behavior.

The present disclosure is not to be limited in terms of the particular embodiments described in this application, which are intended as illustrations of various aspects. Many modifications and variations can be made without departing from its spirit and scope, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Functionally equivalent methods and apparatuses within the scope of the disclosure, in addition to those enumerated herein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing descriptions. Such modifications and variations are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. The present disclosure is to be limited only by the terms of the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. It is to be understood that this disclosure is not limited to particular methods, reagents, compounds, compositions or biological systems, which can, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting.

As used in this document, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meanings as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. Nothing in this disclosure is to be construed as an admission that the embodiments described in this disclosure are not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of prior invention. As used in this document, the term “comprising” means “including, but not limited to.”

While various compositions and methods are described in terms of “comprising” various components or steps (interpreted as meaning “including, but not limited to”), the compositions and methods can also “consist essentially of” or “consist of” the various components and steps, and such terminology should be interpreted as defining essentially closed-member groups.

With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and/or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and/or application. The various singular/plural permutations may be expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity.

It will be understood by those within the art that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (for example, bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as “open” terms (for example, the term “including” should be interpreted as “including but not limited to,” the term “having” should be interpreted as “having at least,” the term “includes” should be interpreted as “includes but is not limited to,” and the like). It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of the introductory phrases “at least one” and “one or more” to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to embodiments containing only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases “one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or “an” (for example, “a” and/or “an” should be interpreted to mean “at least one” or “one or more”); the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (for example, the bare recitation of “two recitations,” without other modifiers, means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, and C, and the like” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (for example, “a system having at least one of A, B, and C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, and the like). In those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, or C, and the like” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (for example, “a system having at least one of A, B, or C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, and the like). It will be further understood by those within the art that virtually any disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. For example, the phrase “A or B” will be understood to include the possibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B.”

In addition, where features or embodiments of the disclosure are described in terms of Markush groups, those skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosure is also thereby described in terms of any individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush group.

As will be understood by one skilled in the art, for any and all purposes, such as in terms of providing a written description, all ranges disclosed herein also encompass any and all possible subranges and combinations of subranges thereof. Any listed range can be easily recognized as sufficiently describing and enabling the same range being broken down into at least equal halves, thirds, quarters, fifths, tenths, and the like. As a non-limiting example, each range discussed herein can be readily broken down into a lower third, middle third and upper third, and the like. As will also be understood by one skilled in the art all language such as “up to,” “at least,” and the like include the number recited and refer to ranges which can be subsequently broken down into subranges as discussed above. Finally, as will be understood by one skilled in the art, a range includes each individual member. Thus, for example, a group having 1-3 cells refers to groups having 1, 2, or 3 cells. Similarly, a group having 1-5 cells refers to groups having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 cells, and so forth.

The term “alkyl” or “alkyl group” refers to a branched or unbranched hydrocarbon or group of 2 to 20 carbon atoms, unless otherwise specified, such as but not limited to ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, octyl, decyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, eicosyl, tetracosyl and the like. The term “alkenyl” or “alkenyl group” refers to a branched or unbranched hydrocarbon or group of 2 to 20 carbon atoms, unless otherwise specified, having one or more unsaturations, such as but not limited to ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, butadienyl, isobutylenyl, and the like. Alkyl groups and alkenyl groups may be substituted with sugars or amino acids. Substitution by sugars may include, but is not limited to, substitution by mannitosyl, sorbitolyl, or sucrosyl. Substitution by amino acid may include substitution by any of the twenty common amino acids.

As used herein, the term “rheometer” shall mean rheometers, viscometers, viscosimeters and similar instruments that are used to measure the properties of fluid or similar materials. Rheological properties can affect the design of food processing plants, shelf life, and product sensory properties.

Various of the above-disclosed and other features and functions, or alternatives thereof, may be combined into many other different systems or applications. Various presently unforeseen or unanticipated alternatives, modifications, variations or improvements therein may be subsequently made by those skilled in the art, each of which is also intended to be encompassed by the disclosed embodiments. 

1. A plasticizing composition comprising at least one compound of formula I, formula II, or formula III:

a salt thereof, chelate thereof, or combination thereof, wherein R^(1A), R^(1B), and R^(1C) are independently selected from hydrogen, —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, or —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl; R² is hydrogen, —(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, —(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl, -mannitosyl, -sorbitolyl, or -sucrosyl; wherein at least two of R^(1A), R^(1B), R^(1C), and R² are not hydrogen; each R³ is independently selected from hydrogen, —(C₂-C₁₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₆)alkenyl, -mannitosyl, -sorbitolyl, or -sucrosyl; wherein at least one of R³ is not hydrogen; and each R⁴ is independently selected from hydrogen, —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl, each R⁴ may be the same or different; wherein at least one of R⁴ is not hydrogen.
 2. (canceled)
 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein R² is —(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, or —(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl.
 4. (canceled)
 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein R² is -mannitosyl, -sorbitolyl, or -sucrosyl; and wherein at least one of R^(1A), R^(1B), and R^(1C) is not hydrogen.
 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein R² is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein at least one of R^(1A), R^(1B), and R^(1C) is not hydrogen.
 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein R² is selected from the group consisting of,

wherein at least one of R^(1A), R^(1B), and R^(1C) is not hydrogen.
 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein R^(1A), R^(1B), and R^(1C) are independently selected from —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, and —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl.
 9. (canceled)
 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one compound comprises a sodium salt, ammonium salt, potassium salt, calcium salt, magnesium salt, manganese salt, zinc salt, iron salt, or a combination thereof.
 11. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one compound comprises a transition metals ion chelates.
 12. The composition of claim 1, wherein at least one compound is formula II, a salt thereof, or chelate thereof,

wherein each R³ is independently selected from hydrogen, —(C₂-C₁₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₆)alkenyl, -mannitosyl, -sorbitolyl, or -sucrosyl; wherein at least one of R³ is not hydrogen.
 13. The composition of claim 1, wherein each R³ is independently selected from hydrogen,

wherein at least one R³ is not hydrogen.
 14. The composition of claim 11, wherein each R³ is independently selected from hydrogen,

wherein at least one R³ is not hydrogen.
 15. The composition of claim 1, wherein each R³ is independently selected from hydrogen, —(C₂-C₁₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₆)alkenyl, wherein at least one R³ is not hydrogen.
 16. The composition of claim 1, wherein each R³ is independently selected from —(C₂-C₁₆)alkyl, and —(C₂-C₁₆)alkenyl.
 17. The composition of claim 1, wherein at least two of the R³ moieties are not hydrogen.
 18. The composition of claim 1, wherein at least three of the R³ moieties are not hydrogen.
 19. The composition of claim 1, wherein at least four of the R³ moieties are not hydrogen. 20.-22. (canceled)
 23. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one compound comprises a compound of formula III, a salt thereof, or chelate thereof,

wherein each R⁴ is independently selected from hydrogen, —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl, wherein at least one of R⁴ is not hydrogen.
 24. The composition of claim 1, wherein at least one R⁴ on each ring B, C, D, E and F are not hydrogen.
 25. The composition of claim 1, wherein at least five R⁴ on each ring B, C, D, E and F are not hydrogen.
 26. The composition of claim, wherein at least ten R⁴ on each ring B, C, D, E and F are not hydrogen. 27.-29. (canceled)
 30. A method of preparing a plasticizing compound, the method comprising esterifying at least one of gallic acid, fulvic acid, and tannic acid to form at least one plasticizing compound of formula of formula I, formula II, or formula III:

a salt thereof, a chelate thereof, or combination thereof, wherein at least one of R^(1A), R^(1B), R^(1C), and R² are not hydrogen; each R³ is independently selected from hydrogen, —(C₂-C₁₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₆)alkenyl, -mannitosyl, -sorbitolyl, or -sucrosyl; wherein at least one of R³ is not hydrogen; and each R⁴ is independently selected from hydrogen, —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, and —(C═O—(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl, each R⁴ may be the same or different; wherein at least one of R⁴ is not hydrogen.
 31. The method of claim 30, wherein esterifying the gallic acid esterifying gallic acid to form at least one plasticizing compound of formula I:

a salt thereof, or chelate thereof; wherein R^(1A), R^(1B), and R^(1C) are independently selected from hydrogen, —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, and —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl; R² is hydrogen, —(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, —(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl, -mannitosyl, -sorbitolyl, or -sucrosyl.
 32. The method of claim 30, wherein esterifying the fulvic acid comprises esterifying fulvic acid to form at least one plasticizing compound of formula II:

a salt thereof, or chelate thereof; wherein each R³ is independently selected from hydrogen, —(C₂-C₁₆)alkyl —(C₂-C₁₆)alkenyl, -mannitosyl, -sorbitolyl, and -sucrosyl; wherein at least one of R³ is not hydrogen.
 33. The method of claim 30, wherein esterifying the tannic acid comprises esterifying tannic acid to form at least one plasticizing compound of formula III:

a salt thereof, or chelate thereof; and wherein each R⁴ is independently selected from hydrogen, —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkyl, and —(C═O)—(C₈-C₁₆)alkenyl, wherein at least one of R⁴ is not hydrogen. 34.-60. (canceled) 